Tensiones residuales en uniones soldadas por FSW en aluminio 7075-T651
(Residual stresses in 7075-T651 FSW joint)
/HRQDUGR17XIDUR1,2$OHMDQGUR%XUJXHxR1+HUQiQ*6YRERGD 1 ,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH7HFQRORJtD,QGXVWULDO&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ\\'HVDUUROORHQ0HFiQLFD6DQ0DUWtQ%XHQRV$LUHV
$UJHQWLQDOWXIDUR#LQWLJREDU 2 8QLYHUVLGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV/DERUDWRULRGH0DWHULDOHV\\(VWUXFWXUDV,17(&,1)DFXOWDGGH,QJHQLHUtD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV
$UJHQWLQDKVYRERG#¿XEDDU 8QLYHUVLGDG&RQVHMR1DFLRQDOGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV&LHQWt¿FDV\\7pFQLFDV&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD
Resumen
/DV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV SXHGHQ VHU XQ DVSHFWR GH UHOHYDQFLD HQ OD LQWHJULGDG HVWUXFWXUDO GH FRPSRQHQWHV HQ VHUYLFLR SXGLHQGR SUHVHQWDUXQDLPSRUWDQWHLQÀXHQFLDVREUHODYLGDDODIDWLJDHQWUHRWURVPHFDQLVPRVGHIDOOD(OSURFHVRGHVROGDGXUDSRUIULFFLyQ DJLWDFLyQ)6:KDUHYROXFLRQDGRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVHOFDPSRGHODWHFQRORJtDGHODVROGDGXUD6XPD\\RUDSOLFDFLyQVHKDGDGRHQ ODVDOHDFLRQHVGHDOXPLQLRDXQTXHKR\\HQGtDVHXWLOL]DSDUDSUiFWLFDPHQWHWRGRVORVPDWHULDOHV8QDGHODVYHQWDMDVHQXQFLDGDVGH HVWHSURFHVRHVHOPHQRUQLYHOGHWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVUHVXOWDQWHVGHELGRDTXHVHSURGXFHHQHVWDGRVyOLGRSRUORTXHORVJUDGLHQWHV WpUPLFRVGXUDQWHODVROGDGXUDVRQPHQRUHV(QWUHODVDOHDFLRQHVGHDOXPLQLRGHXVRHVWUXFWXUDOODVDOHDFLRQHVWHUPRHQYHMHFLEOHVGH ODVHULH;;;VHXWLOL]DQKDELWXDOPHQWHHQODLQGXVWULDDHURQiXWLFD\\DHURHVSDFLDOGHELGRDVXDOWDUHVLVWHQFLDPHFiQLFD(OREMHWLYR GHO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR HV DQDOL]DU HO HIHFWR GH OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH HQ )6: VREUH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV HQ MXQWDV GH DOXPLQLR $$7 PHGLDQWH OD WpFQLFD GH VHFFLRQDPLHQWR 6H VROGDURQ SUREHWDV GH GLFKD DOHDFLyQ GH [[PP PHGLDQWH )6: YDULDQGRODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFHHQWUH\\PPPLQ-1'XUDQWHODVROGDGXUDVHDGTXLULHURQORVFLFORVWpUPLFRV3RVWHULRUPHQWHVH PLGLHURQODVWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVORQJLWXGLQDOHVDGLVWLQWDVGLVWDQFLDVGHOFRUGyQGHVROGDGXUDHQFDGDFDVR$SDUWLUGHORVFLFORV WpUPLFRVDGTXLULGRVVHREWXYLHURQORVJUDGLHQWHVWpUPLFRVHQOD]RQDGHPHGLFLyQ/DVWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVPi[LPDVVHHQFRQWUDURQ HQWUH\\03DFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHHQWUH\\GHOOtPLWHGHÀXHQFLDGHOPDWHULDO/DVPLVPDVDXPHQWDURQFRQODYHORFLGDGGH DYDQFHFRQVLVWHQWHPHQWHFRQXQDXPHQWRHQHOJUDGLHQWHWpUPLFRREVHUYDGR'LFKRVYDORUHVGHWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVVRQPHQRUHVTXH ORVREWHQLGRVSDUDODVROGDGXUDGHHVWRVPDWHULDOHVPHGLDQWHSURFHVRVGHOWLSR*0$:
Palabras-clave: )6:WHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVDOXPLQLR$$7
Abstract: 5HVLGXDOVWUHVVHVFRXOGEHDUHOHYDQWLVVXHLQWKHVWUXFWXUDOLQWHJULW\\RIDFRPSRQHQWLQVHUYLFHDQGXVXDOO\\KDYHDPDMRU LQÀ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
Key-words: )6:UHVLGXDOVWUHVV$$7DOXPLQXPDOOR\\
(Recebido em 29/02/2012; Texto final em 07/03/2012). Artigo originalmente publicado no CONSOLDA 2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-92242012000400007
Soldag. Insp. São Paulo, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, p.327-334, Out/Dez 2012
1. Introducción
/DIRUPDFLyQGHWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVHQXQLRQHVVROGDGDVVH GHEHDODSUHVHQFLDGHFDPSRVQRXQLIRUPHVGHGHIRUPDFLRQHV QRHOiVWLFDV FRPR ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV SOiVWLFDV \\ WpUPLFDV PLHQWUDV VH HIHFW~D OD VROGDGXUD 'HELGR D TXH OD VROGDGXUD
327
Leonardo N. Tufaro, Alejandro Burgueño, Hernán G. Svoboda
SRU IULFFLyQDJLWDFLyQ )6: HV XQ SURFHVR HQ HVWDGR VyOLGR ODV WHPSHUDWXUDV DOFDQ]DGDV VRQ PHQRUHV D OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH IXVLyQ 3RU HVWH PRWLYR JHQHUDOPHQWH VH HVSHUD TXH ODV WHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVVHDQPHQRUHVDODVJHQHUDGDVHQVROGDGXUDV SRU IXVLyQ 6LQ HPEDUJR HV QHFHVDULD XQD VXMHFLyQ PiV UtJLGD GH ODV SLH]DV D XQLU TXH UHVWULQJH OD FRQWUDFFLyQ GXUDQWH HO HQIULDPLHQWRJHQHUDQGRXQDXPHQWRHQODVWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHV SRUHVWDFDXVD>@
6H KD HQFRQWUDGR TXH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV SUHVHQWHV HQ XQLRQHVVROGDGDVSRU)6:VXHOHQSUHVHQWDUXQDGLVWULEXFLyQHQ IRUPD GH ³0´ VLHQGR ODV WHQVLRQHV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV OHYHPHQWH VXSHULRUHV TXH ODV WUDQVYHUVDOHV 6L ELHQ HVWD GLVWULEXFLyQ HV SUiFWLFDPHQWH VLPpWULFD ODV WHQVLRQHV VXHOHQ VHU OHYHPHQWH PD\\RUHVGHOODGRGHDYDQFH$6>@
(Q FXDQWR D OD LQÀXHQFLD GH ODV YDULDEOHV GH VROGDGXUD VH KD UHSRUWDGR TXH ODV WHQVLRQHV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV DXPHQWDQ FRQ OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH >@ \\ DO GLVPLQXLU OD YHORFLGDG GH URWDFLyQ>@DXQTXHRWURVDXWRUHVKDQUHSRUWDGRTXHQRVHYHQ DIHFWDGDVVHQVLEOHPHQWHSRUHVWHSDUiPHWUR>@(QHVWHVHQWLGR OD PDJQLWXG GH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV PHGLGDV VL ELHQ VH HQFXHQWUDQHQHOPLVPRRUGHQSUHVHQWDQYDULDFLRQHVGHUHODWLYD LPSRUWDQFLDHQIXQFLyQGHRWURVDVSHFWRVFRPRODJHRPHWUtDGH ODKHUUDPLHQWD6HKDLQWHQWDGRFRUUHODFLRQDUODWHQVLyQUHVLGXDO FRQ HO FDORU DSRUWDGR QHWR >@ UHSRUWiQGRVH XQD WHQGHQFLD D GLVPLQXLUHOYDORUGHGLFKDWHQVLyQUHVLGXDOFRQHODXPHQWRGHO DSRUWHWpUPLFRVLELHQODFRUUHODFLyQHVUHODWLYDPHQWHEDMD
(Q HVWRV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR GLVWLQWRV WUDEDMRV VREUH XQLRQHV VROGDGDV SRU )6: GH $$ 7 /DV SURSLHGDGHVPHFiQLFDVGHODVHULH;;;YDUtDQFRQHOWLHPSR GHELGRDTXHHQGXUHFHQSRUSUHFLSLWDFLyQDWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWH HQYHMHFLPLHQWR QDWXUDO OXHJR GH SURGXFLUVH OD VROGDGXUD SRU )6: >@ HQFRQWUiQGRVH YDULDFLRQHV WHPSRUDOHV GH OD GXUH]D OD UHVLVWHQFLD \\ ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV 'LFKDV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV HQ OD ]RQD DJLWDGD :1 GLVPLQX\\HQ PLHQWUDV TXH ODVSUHVHQWHVHQOD]RQDDIHFWDGDSRUHOFDORU+$=DXPHQWDQ FRQHOWLHPSR>@3RURWUDSDUWHODUHVLVWHQFLDDODWUDFFLyQ\\OD GXUH]DDXPHQWDQFRQHOWLHPSR>@
/DV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV UHVXOWDQWHV GH OD VROGDGXUD VH HQFXHQWUDQ YLQFXODGDV D ORV SDUiPHWURV GHO SURFHVR XWLOL]DGRV D WUDYpV GHO FDPSR WpUPLFR TXH HVWH FRQMXQWR GH SDUiPHWURV JHQHUD VREUH OD SUREHWD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR VRQ HVFDVRV ORV HVWXGLRVH[SHULPHQWDOHVTXHYLQFXOHQHVWRVDVSHFWRVGHPRGRGH ORJUDU XQD PHMRU FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ORV IHQyPHQRV DFWXDQWHV HQ SDUWLFXODUVREUHDOHDFLRQHVWHUPRHQYHMHFLEOHVGHXVRHVWUXFWXUDO (O REMHWLYR GHO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR HV DQDOL]DU HO HIHFWR GH OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH HQ VROGDGXUD )6: VREUH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHVORQJLWXGLQDOHVHQXQLRQHVGHDOXPLQLR$$7 DQDOL]DQGRORVFLFORVWpUPLFRVJHQHUDGRV
2. Materiales y Métodos
GHWHUPLQDU ODV SURSLHGDGHV PHFiQLFDV GHO PDWHULDO (O OtPLWH FRQYHQFLRQDOIXHGHV 03DODUHVLVWHQFLDDODWUDFFLyQ V876 03DXQDODUJDPLHQWRDURWXUDGH$ SDUDXQD ORQJLWXG GH UHIHUHQFLD GH PP (O PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDG GHWHUPLQDGRIXHGH( *3D(VWH~OWLPR\\HOFRH¿FLHQWHGH 3RLVVRQQ >@VHXWLOL]DURQSDUDHOFiOFXORGHODVWHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV D SDUWLU GH ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV PHGLGDV 3RU ~OWLPR SDUD GHWHUPLQDU OD SRWHQFLD \\ FDORU DSRUWDGR QHWR TXH VXUJHQ GHO DMXVWH GH ORV FLFORV WpUPLFRV DGTXLULGRV VH FRQVLGHUD XQD GHQVLGDG GH NJP XQD FRQGXFWLYLGDG WpUPLFD GH :P\\XQDFDORUHVSHFt¿FRGH-NJ.>@
2.2. Ejecución de Soldadura y Adquisición de Ciclos Térmicos
6HVROGDURQSUREHWDVGH$$7GH[[PPD WRSH FRQ HO SURFHVR )6: XWLOL]DQGR XQD PiTXLQD KHUUDPLHQWD DGDSWDGD(QOD7DEODVHPXHVWUDQORVSDUiPHWURVHPSOHDGRV SDUD ODV FLQFR SUREHWDV VROGDGDV /D YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH VH YDULyGHVGHPPPLQKDVWDPPPLQSDUDXQDPLVPD YHORFLGDGGHURWDFLyQ\\iQJXORGHLQFOLQDFLyQ
/D KHUUDPLHQWD XWLOL]DGD SUHVHQWD XQ SLQ GH JHRPHWUtD FyQLFD GH KRPEUR FyQFDYR \\ IXH FRQVWUXLGD HQ DFHUR SDUD KHUUDPLHQWDV GHO WLSR + (O GLiPHWUR GHO KRPEUR HV GH PP \\ ORV GLiPHWURV PD\\RU \\ PHQRU GHO SLQ VRQ GH \\ PP UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH3RU~OWLPRODDOWXUDGHOSLQHVGHPP
7DEOD3DUiPHWURVGHVROGDGXUDSRU)6:
'HVLJQDFLyQ
9HORFLGDGGH avance
8PPPLQ)
9HORFLGDG de
URWDFLyQ ZUSP
ÈQJXORGH LQFOLQDFLyQ
3LWFK Z8 UHYPP)
/DPHGLFLyQGHFLFORVWpUPLFRVGXUDQWHODVROGDGXUDVHUHDOL]y FRQWUHVWHUPRFXSODVWLSR.ODVTXHVHXELFDURQHQODPLWDGGH ODORQJLWXGGHODSUREHWDHQHOODGRGHUHWURFHVR/DSULPHUDVH SRVLFLRQy D DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH PP GHO ERUGH GHO FRUGyQ GH VROGDGXUD \\ ODV RWUDV GRV HQ XQD SRVLFLyQ FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD SRVLFLyQ GH ORV H[WHQVyPHWURV (Q OD )LJXUD $ VH REVHUYD OD SRVLFLyQGHODVWHUPRFXSODV7&\\HOVLVWHPDGHVROGDGXUDSRU )6:(QOD)LJXUD%VHREVHUYDXQDSUREHWDVROGDGDSRU)6:
2.3. Medición de Tensiones Residuales
2.1. Material
(QHO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMRVH HVWXGLyXQDDOHDFLyQGHDOXPLQLR $$7 HQ FKDSD GH PP GH HVSHVRU 6H UHDOL]y XQ HQVD\\RGHWUDFFLyQVHJ~QODQRUPD$670(0>@D¿QGH
3DUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV VH XWLOL]y HO PpWRGR GH VHFFLRQDPLHQWR >@ 6H LQVWUXPHQWDURQ H[WHQVyPHWURV HOpFWULFRV 6* OLQHDOHV FRQ XQD UHVLVWHQFLD GH : \\ XQ IDFWRU GH gage GH HQ FDGD SUREHWD (Q PHGLFLRQHV SUHOLPLQDUHV VH YHUL¿Fy TXH FRQ GRV FRUWHV
328
Soldag. Insp. São Paulo, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, p.327-334, Out/Dez 2012
Tensiones residuales en uniones soldadas por FSW en aluminio 7075-T651
DE )LJXUD$8ELFDFLyQGHODV7&SDUDODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFLFORVWpUPLFRV%6ROGDGXUDSRUIULFFLyQDJLWDFLyQ)6:
DE )LJXUD$/RFDOL]DFLyQGH6*\\VHFXHQFLDGHFRUWH%6HFFLRQDPLHQWRGHSUREHWDVFRQIUHVDGRUDKRUL]RQWDO
SXHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH TXH ODV WHQVLRQHV VH UHODMDQ HQ VX WRWDOLGDG YDOLGiQGRVH OD WpFQLFD H[SHULPHQWDO HPSOHDGD /RV H[WHQVyPHWURVVHXELFDURQDODPLWDGGHODORQJLWXGGHODSUREHWD HQGLUHFFLyQSDUDOHODDOFRUGyQGHVROGDGXUDGHOODGRGHDYDQFH (O SULPHUR VH SRVLFLRQy VREUH HO FHQWUR GHO FRUGyQ \\ ORV RWURV WUHVXQRDFRQWLQXDFLyQGHORWURFRPRORPXHVWUDOD)LJXUD$ D¿QGHREWHQHULQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODYDULDFLyQGHODVWHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHVFRQODGLVWDQFLDDOFRUGyQ
3DUD OD LQVWDODFLyQ GH ORV H[WHQVyPHWURV VH SUHSDUy OD VXSHU¿FLH GH FDGD SUREHWD 6H SHJDURQ ORV H[WHQVyPHWURV H LQVWUXPHQWDURQ VLJXLHQGR ODV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV GHO IDEULFDQWH >@
/RV FRUWHV VH UHDOL]DURQ HV XQD IUHVDGRUD KRUL]RQWDO FRQ
XQDIUHVDGHGLVFRGHPPGHHVSHVRU/DLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGH HVWD WpFQLFD GH FRUWH VH SXHGH REVHUYDU HQ OD )LJXUD % +D\\ TXH UHVDOWDU TXH WRGRV ORV SURFHVRV FRQ DUUDQTXH GH YLUXWD LQWURGXFHQWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVHQODVXSHU¿FLH6LQHPEDUJRVL HOWDPDxRGHOHOHPHQWRHQHOTXHVHPLGHQODVGHIRUPDFLRQHVHV PiVJUDQGHTXHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHiPPDFRQWLQXDFLyQQR HVQHFHVDULRDSOLFDUDOJXQDWpFQLFDGHUHPRFLyQGHPDWHULDOSDUD HOLPLQDUGLFKDVWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVVXSHU¿FLDOHV>@
3DUD OD PHGLFLyQ GH ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV DVRFLDGDV DO UHOHYDPLHQWR GH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV VH HPSOHy XQ HTXLSR 9LVKD\\3
&RQVLGHUDQGR FRPR DIHFWD HO WLHPSR GH HQYHMHFLPLHQWR D ODVSURSLHGDGHVPHFiQLFDVGHODXQLyQVROGDGDHVTXHWRGDVODV
Soldag. Insp. São Paulo, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, p.327-334, Out/Dez 2012
329
Leonardo N. Tufaro, Alejandro Burgueño, Hernán G. Svoboda
DE )LJXUD$&LFORVWpUPLFRVGHODVWUHV7&GHODSUREHWD%&RPSDUDFLyQGHFLFORVWpUPLFRVSDUDODVSUREHWDVVROGDGDVFRQODV
GLVWLQWDVYHORFLGDGHVGHDYDQFHPHGLGRVDPPGHOERUGH
PHGLFLRQHV GH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV VH UHDOL]DURQ OXHJR GH HQWUH\\GtDVSRVWHULRUPHQWHDODVROGDGXUDFRQODLQWHQFLyQ HOLPLQDUHVDYDULDEOH
2.4. Macrografías
'HFDGDSUREHWDVHFFLRQDGDVHH[WUDMRXQFRUWHWUDQVYHUVDOHO FXDO VH SUHSDUy SDUD REVHUYDFLyQ PDFURJUi¿FD 6H REVHUYDURQ ODVGLVWLQWDV]RQDVGHODVXQLRQHVVROGDGDVDVtFRPRODSUHVHQFLD GHGLVFRQWLQXLGDGHVDVRFLDGRVDOSURFHGLPLHQWR
3. Resultados y Discusión
&RPR SXGR YHUVH HQ OD )LJXUD % VH REWXYLHURQ MXQWDV VROGDGDV GH PX\\ EXHQ DVSHFWR VXSHU¿FLDO FRQ EXHQD SHQHWUDFLyQ \\ VLQ GHIHFWRV VXSHU¿FLDOHV DSUHFLDEOHV SDUD WRGDV ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFHDQDOL]DGDV
3.1. Ciclos Térmicos
/D )LJXUD $ PXHVWUDQ ORV FLFORV WpUPLFRV DGTXLULGRV SRU ODVGLVWLQWDVWHUPRFXSODVFRQODVGLVWDQFLDVDOFHQWURGHOFRUGyQ SDUDODVROGDGXUDGHODSUREHWD6HSXHGHDSUHFLDUFRPRODV WHPSHUDWXUDVGLVPLQX\\HQFRQODGLVWDQFLDDOERUGHGHOFRUGyQ
(QOD)LJXUD%VHJUD¿FDQORVFLFORVWpUPLFRVGHODVGLVWLQWDV SUREHWDV VROGDGDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D OD WHUPRFXSOD PiV FHUFDQDDOERUGHGHOFRUGyQPP6HREVHUYDTXHDODXPHQWDU OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH ODV WHPSHUDWXUDV GLVPLQX\\HQ \\ TXH ODV YHORFLGDGHVGHFDOHQWDPLHQWR\\GHHQIULDPLHQWRDXPHQWDQ
/DSRWHQFLDQHWD4\\HOFDORUDSRUWDGRQHWR+VHGHWHUPLQDQ DSDUWLUGHODPHGLFLyQGHWHPSHUDWXUDV3RUORWDQWRHVWRVVRQ SDUiPHWURVQHWRV\\QRHVQHFHVDULRKDFHUQLQJXQDFRQVLGHUDFLyQ VREUH HO UHQGLPLHQWR GHO SURFHVR 3DUD REWHQHU OD SRWHQFLD QHWD 4 VH DMXVWDURQ ORV FLFORV WpUPLFRV PHGLGRV FRQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH 5RVHQWKDO GH WUDQVPLVLyQ GH FDORU ELGLPHQVLRQDO
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDXQDIXHQWHGHFDORUSXQWXDOTXHDYDQ]DDXQD YHORFLGDGFRQVWDQWHVREUHXQDSODFDLQ¿QLWDUHSUHVHQWDGDHQOD (FXDFLyQ>@
(Q OD 7DEOD VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV \\ FDOFXODGRV D SDUWLU GH ORV FLFORV WpUPLFRV DGTXLULGRV SDUD ODV FLQFR MXQWDV VROGDGDV WHPSHUDWXUD Pi[LPD SRWHQFLD QHWD \\ FDORUDSRUWDGRQHWR
7DEOD5HVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVSDUDODVGLVWLQWDVSUREHWDV VROGDGDV7HPSHUDWXUDPi[LPD3RWHQFLDQHWD&DORUDSRUWDGR
neto
'HVLJQDFLyQ
7HPSHUDWXUD Pi[LPD 7PD[&
3RWHQFLD neta 4:
&DORUDSRUWDGR neto
+ 48-PP
6HSXHGHREVHUYDUTXHODVWHPSHUDWXUDVPi[LPDVVRQPHQRUHV DODVUHSRUWDGDVHQODOLWHUDWXUD>@(VWRSXHGHGHEHUVHDTXHODV GLPHQVLRQHV GH OD KHUUDPLHQWD HPSOHDGD VRQ PHQRUHV TXH ODV XWLOL]DGDV KDELWXDOPHQWH SDUD HVWH WLSR GH MXQWD 8Q GLiPHWUR GH KHUUDPLHQWD PHQRU LPSOLFD XQD SRWHQFLD QHWD PHQRU \\ SRU OR WDQWR SDUD XQ PLVPR HVSHVRU GH FKDSD UHVXOWDQ PHQRUHV WHPSHUDWXUDV$GLFLRQDOPHQWHHQOD)LJXUD$VHREVHUYDTXH ODWHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPD\\ODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFHSUHVHQWDQXQD WHQGHQFLDSRWHQFLDOREWHQLpQGRVHXQEXHQJUDGRGHDMXVWH
330
Soldag. Insp. São Paulo, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, p.327-334, Out/Dez 2012
Tensiones residuales en uniones soldadas por FSW en aluminio 7075-T651
DE )LJXUD$7HPSHUDWXUDPi[LPDHQIXQFLyQGHODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFH%&DORUDSRUWDGRQHWRHQIXQFLyQGHODYHORFLGDGGH
avance
DE )LJXUD$&DORUDSRUWDGRQHWRHQIXQFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPD%&DORUDSRUWDGRQHWRHQIXQFLyQGHOSLWFK
6H SXHGH DSUHFLDU TXH OD SRWHQFLD QHWD QR YDUtD FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHFRQODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFH(QFRQVHFXHQFLD ODYDULDFLyQGHOFDORUDSRUWDGRQHWR+TXHHVODUHODFLyQHQWUH OD SRWHQFLD QHWD \\ OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH HVWi JREHUQDGD SUiFWLFDPHQWHHQVXWRWDOLGDGSRUHVWD~OWLPD3RUHVWHPRWLYR FRUUHODFLRQDQ PX\\ ELHQ FRQ XQD WHQGHQFLD SRWHQFLDO FRPR VH SXHGH REVHUYDU HQ OD )LJXUD % &RPR HUD GH HVSHUDUVH HO H[SRQHQWH HV \\ HO FRH¿FLHQWH HV OD SRWHQFLD QHWD SURPHGLRH[SUHVDGDHQ-PLQTXHVXUJHGHODMXVWH\\UHVXOWDVHU :
(QOD)LJXUD$SXHGHDSUHFLDUVHTXHHQFRQFRUGDQFLDFRQ ODV GRV WHQGHQFLDV GH OD )LJXUD HO FDORU DSRUWDGR QHWR \\ OD WHPSHUDWXUD Pi[LPD SUHVHQWDQ XQD WHQGHQFLD OLQHDO OR FXDO VH KDUHSRUWDGRSUHYLDPHQWH>@3RU~OWLPRHQOD)LJXUD%VH REVHUYDTXHHOFDORUDSRUWDGRQHWR\\HOSLWFKFRUUHODFLRQDQPX\\ ELHQ FRQ XQD WHQGHQFLD OLQHDO (VWR VH GHEH D OR PHQFLRQDGR DQWHULRUPHQWHSDUDOD)LJXUD%\\DTXHODYHORFLGDGGHURWDFLyQ se mantiene constante.
(VWDV H[SUHVLRQHV REWHQLGDV SXHGHQ VHU GH XWLOLGDG D ¿Q GH ORJUDU XQD PHMRU FRPSUHQVLyQ GH OD LQÀXHQFLD GH ODV GLVWLQWDV YDULDEOHV GHO SURFHVR \\ SDUD JHQHUDU LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH SHUPLWD SUHGHFLUFLHUWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODMXQWD
$VLPLVPR HV LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU OD DPSOLD GLVSHUVLyQ GH UHVXOWDGRV UHSRUWDGRV HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD OR FXDO HVWDUtD DVRFLDGR D YDULDEOHV QR FRQVLGHUDGDV DO FRPSDUDU UHVXOWDGRV FRPR OD JHRPHWUtD GH OD KHUUDPLHQWD HO iQJXOR GH OD KHUUDPLHQWD OD IXHU]DD[LDOHWF
3.2. Tensiones Residuales Longitudinales
$ SDUWLU GH PHGLFLRQHV SUHOLPLQDUHV SDUD OD YDOLGDFLyQ GH OD WpFQLFD GH PHGLFLyQ VH GHWHUPLQy TXH ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV VRQ GHVSUHFLDEOHV 3RU OR WDQWR SDUD HO FiOFXOR GH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV VH GHVSUHFLDQ ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV \\ VX H[SUHVLyQ UHVXOWD HQ OD (FXDFLyQ
(Q OD 7DEOD VH PXHVWUD OD WHQVLyQ UHVLGXDO ORQJLWXGLQDO Pi[LPD PHGLGD SDUD ODV GLVWLQWDV SUREHWDV VROGDGDV MXQWR FRQ HOWLHPSRGHHQYHMHFLPLHQWRGHFDGDXQD
Soldag. Insp. São Paulo, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, p.327-334, Out/Dez 2012
331
Leonardo N. Tufaro, Alejandro Burgueño, Hernán G. Svoboda
7DEOD5HVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVSDUDODVGLVWLQWDVSUREHWDV VROGDGDV7HQVLyQUHVLGXDOORQJLWXGLQDOPi[LPD
'HVLJQDFLyQ
7HQVLyQUHVLGXDOORQJLWXGLQDOPi[LPD V5/PD[03D
3XHGH YHUVH XQ OHYH LQFUHPHQWR GH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV PHGLGDV FRQ OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH FRQVLVWHQWHPHQWH FRQ OR UHSRUWDGR HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD$ VX YH] VH PXHVWUD TXH HO WLHPSR GH HQYHMHFLPLHQWR QDWXUDO GH ODV GLVWLQWDV SUREHWDV IXH SUiFWLFDPHQWHHOPLVPRQRSUHVHQWDQGRLQÀXHQFLDHQHVHVHQWLGR >@/RVYDORUHVGHWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVPHGLGRVVHHQFXHQWUDQ HQ HO RUGHQ GH PDJQLWXG GH ORV UHSRUWDGRV HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD SDUD PDWHULDOHVVLPLODUHV>@
(QOD)LJXUDVHJUD¿FDQORVSHU¿OHVGHWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHV ORQJLWXGLQDOHVPHGLGRVHQIXQFLyQGHODGLVWDQFLDDOFHQWURGH ODMXQWD6HSXHGHDSUHFLDUTXHWRGRVORVSHU¿OHVSUHVHQWDQXQD GLVWULEXFLyQ \\ JUDGLHQWHV VLPLODUHV FRQ OD WHQVLyQ GH WUDFFLyQ Pi[LPDHQHOFHQWURGHOFRUGyQ
(O SHU¿O FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D XQD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH GH PPPLQ HV FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH PHQRU DO UHVWR 6L ELHQ DO DXPHQWDUODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFHWDPELpQORKDFHQODVWHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV D SDUWLU GH XQD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH GH PPPLQ SDUHFHQ GHMDU GH KDFHUOR 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV WHQVLRQHV Pi[LPDV SUHVHQWDQ XQD PD\\RU WHQGHQFLD D DXPHQWDU FRQ OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH TXH HO UHVWR GHO SHU¿O (VWDV WHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVPi[LPDVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQWUH\\03D FRUUHVSRQGLpQGRVHFRQXQDGHOOtPLWHGHÀXHQFLDGHO PDWHULDO
)LJXUD7HQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVORQJLWXGLQDOHVHQIXQFLyQGH ODGLVWDQFLDDOFHQWURGHOFRUGyQSDUDGLVWLQWDVYHORFLGDGHVGH
avance.
(VWHFRPSRUWDPLHQWROHYHPHQWHGLIHUHQWHREVHUYDGRSDUDODV WHQVLRQHVPi[LPDVPHGLGDVHQHOFHQWURGHOFRUGyQSRGUtDHVWDU DVRFLDGR D TXH HQ HVWD ]RQD DGLFLRQDOPHQWH D ORV PHFDQLVPRV
GH IRUPDFLyQ GH WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV SRU JUDGLHQWHV WpUPLFRV SRGUtD H[LVWLU DOJXQD FRPSRQHQWH GH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV DVRFLDGD DO SURFHVR GH GHIRUPDFLyQ SOiVWLFD VHYHUD TXH WLHQH OXJDUHQHO:1
$VLPLVPR HO YDORU GH HVWDV WHQVLRQHV HV VHQVLEOHPHQWH LQIHULRUDORREWHQLGRSDUDVROGDGXUDSRUIXVLyQ>@
/DGLVWULEXFLyQVHDVHPHMDDODVPHGLFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVHQHO WUDEDMR GH /LQWRQ \\ 5LSOH\\ SDUD HO DOXPLQLR$$ 7 HQ XQWLHPSRGHHQYHMHFLPLHQWRPHQRUDXQDVHPDQD6LQHPEDUJR OD PDJQLWXG GH ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV REWHQLGDV HQ DTXHO WUDEDMRHVHOGREOHTXHODVPHGLGDVHQHVWHWUDEDMR(QHVHFDVR ORV SDUiPHWURV XWLOL]DGRV IXHURQ USP \\ PPPLQ de YHORFLGDGHVGHURWDFLyQ\\DYDQFHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH\\XQiQJXOR GHLQFOLQDFLyQGH$GHPiVODKHUUDPLHQWDXWLOL]DGDHUDGHSLQ FLOtQGULFRURVFDGRWHQtDXQGLiPHWURGHKRPEURGHPP\\XQ GLiPHWURGHSLQGHPPFRQXQHVSHVRUGHFKDSDGHPPGH HVSHVRU>@
3RU RWUR ODGR ORV YDORUHV REWHQLGRV HQ HVWH WUDEDMR VRQ VLPLODUHV DXQTXH OHYHPHQWH LQIHULRUHV D ORV UHSRUWDGRV SRU )UDWLQL \\ =XFFDUHOOR PHGLGRV HQ $$7 HQ GRQGH VH REVHUYyXQDWHQGHQFLDVLPLODUFRQHODSRUWHWpUPLFRXWLOL]DQGR SLWFKHQWUH\\>@(VWHWUDEDMRVHUHDOL]yHQFKDSDGH PPGHHVSHVRUFRQXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGHSLQFLOtQGULFRVLELHQQR VHLQGLFDHOGLiPHWURGHOKRPEUR\\HOWLHPSRGHHQYHMHFLPLHQWR QDWXUDO
3.3. Correlaciones entre Tensiones Residuales y Campo
Térmico
/D )LJXUD $ PXHVWUD TXH OD WHQVLyQ UHVLGXDO ORQJLWXGLQDO Pi[LPD\\HOFDORUDSRUWDGRQHWRSUHVHQWDQXQDWHQGHQFLDOLQHDO $SDUWLUGHODPLVPDVHHVWDEOHFHTXHFXDQWRPiVIUtDHVODMXQWD PD\\RUHVVRQODVWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHV6LQHPEDUJRHVWDUHODFLyQ GHEH HQWHQGHUVH FRQ FXLGDGR \\D TXH HQ HVWH FDVR OD SRWHQFLD QHWD\\ODYHORFLGDGGHURWDFLyQVRQLQYDULDQWHV1RGHEHSHUGHUVH GHYLVWDTXHHQHVWHFDVRXQPHQRUFDORUDSRUWDGRQHWRLPSOLFD XQD PD\\RU YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH \\ SRU OR WDQWR XQ FDPSR GH WHPSHUDWXUDVPHQRVXQLIRUPHTXHUHVXOWDHQXQPD\\RUQLYHOGH WHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHV
(Q HO WUDEDMR GH /LQWRQ \\ 5LSOH\\ VH REWXYLHURQ PD\\RUHV WHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHVFRQXQGLiPHWURGHKRPEURGHPPORTXH LPSOLFDXQDPD\\RUSRWHQFLDQHWDSDUDYHORFLGDGHVFRPSDUDEOHV >@ (Q HO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR DO XWLOL]DU XQD KHUUDPLHQWD FRQ GLPHQVLRQHVPHQRUHVDODVFRP~QPHQWHXWLOL]DGDVUHVXOWDXQD SRWHQFLDPHQRUREWHQLpQGRVHPHQRUHVWHPSHUDWXUDVPi[LPDV\\ WHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHV3RUORWDQWRHOGLVHxRGHODKHUUDPLHQWDHV XQIDFWRUIXQGDPHQWDOHQODJHQHUDFLyQGHWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHV
'H ORV FRH¿FLHQWHV REWHQLGRV GHO DMXVWH GH OD )LJXUD $ VH REWLHQH XQD H[SUHVLyQ SDUD FRUUHODFLRQDU OD WHQVLyQ Pi[LPD FRQODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFHTXHVHJUD¿FDHQOD)LJXUD%\\VH PXHVWUDHQOD(FXDFLyQ
6H SXHGH DSUHFLDU FODUDPHQWH TXH OD WHQVLyQ UHVLGXDO ORQJLWXGLQDO Pi[LPD DXPHQWD FRQ OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH 6LQ
332
Soldag. Insp. São Paulo, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, p.327-334, Out/Dez 2012
Tensiones residuales en uniones soldadas por FSW en aluminio 7075-T651
DE )LJXUD$7HQVLyQUHVLGXDOORQJLWXGLQDOPi[LPDHQIXQFLyQGHOFDORUDSRUWDGRQHWR%7HQVLyQUHVLGXDOORQJLWXGLQDOPi[LPDHQ
IXQFLyQGHODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFH
DE )LJXUD$7HQVLyQUHVLGXDOORQJLWXGLQDOPi[LPDHQIXQFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPD%7HQVLyQUHVLGXDOORQJLWXGLQDOPi[LPD
HQIXQFLyQGHOSLWFK
HPEDUJR D SDUWLU GH PPPLQ OD WHQVLyQ UHVLGXDO Pi[LPD SUHVHQWDXQDXPHQWRPDUJLQDO
(Q FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD FRQ OD UHODFLyQ OLQHDO DQWHULRUPHQWH DSUHFLDGDHQWUHHOFDORUDSRUWDGRQHWR\\ODWHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPD XQD WHQGHQFLD OLQHDO HQWUH HVWD ~OWLPD \\ OD WHQVLyQ Pi[LPD VH PXHVWUDHQOD)LJXUD$6LELHQHVWDUHODFLyQSHUPLWHXQDPHMRU FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO IHQyPHQR ItVLFR TXH WLHQH OXJDU GDGR TXH HO FDORU DSRUWDGR QHWR HV XQ SDUiPHWUR GLUHFWDPHQWH UHODFLRQDEOH FRQODVYDULDEOHVGHOSURFHVRSUHVHQWDWDOYH]XQDSHUVSHFWLYDGH PD\\RUXWLOLGDGWHFQROyJLFD
(Q OD )LJXUD % SXHGH DSUHFLDUVH TXH HQ FRQFRUGDQFLD FRQ OD WHQGHQFLD OLQHDO HQWUH HO FDORU DSRUWDGR QHWR \\ HO SLWFK REVHUYDGD HQ OD )LJXUD % HVWH ~OWLPR \\ OD WHQVLyQ UHVLGXDO Pi[LPD SUHVHQWDQ XQD FRUUHODFLyQ OLQHDO \\ XQD JUi¿FD PX\\ SDUHFLGDDOD)LJXUD$
(VWD H[SUHVLyQ SHUPLWH HYLWDU FRQWDU FRQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D ORV FLFORV WpUPLFRV SDUD SRGHU FRUUHODFLRQDU HO QLYHO GH WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV FRQ XQ SDUiPHWUR GH SURFHVR 1XHYDPHQWHGHORVFRH¿FLHQWHVREWHQLGRVGHHVWH~OWLPRDMXVWH
VH REWLHQH XQD H[SUHVLyQ SDUD FRUUHODFLRQDU OD WHQVLyQ UHVLGXDO ORQJLWXGLQDOPi[LPDFRQODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFHTXHVHPXHVWUD HQOD(FXDFLyQ\\TXHWLHQHXQDFXUYDSUiFWLFDPHQWHLJXDODOD TXHVHREVHUYDHQOD)LJXUD%
(VWDV~OWLPDVH[SUHVLRQHVSUHVHQWDQXQDXWLOLGDGWHFQROyJLFD GHLQWHUpVSHUPLWLHQGRSUHGHFLUHOQLYHOGHWHQVLRQHVUHVLGXDOHV HQIXQFLyQGHORVSDUiPHWURVGHSURFHVRHPSOHDGRV
3.4. Macrografías
(QOD)LJXUDVHREVHUYDXQDGHODVPDFURJUDItDVUHDOL]DGDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODSUREHWD(QODPLVPDVHSXHGHQDSUHFLDU ODV GLVWLQWDV ]RQDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH OD VROGDGXUD SRU IULFFLyQ DJLWDFLyQODDXVHQFLDGHGHIHFWRV\\XQDEXHQDSHQHWUDFLyQVLQ defectos de raíz.
Soldag. Insp. São Paulo, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, p.327-334, Out/Dez 2012
333
Leonardo N. Tufaro, Alejandro Burgueño, Hernán G. Svoboda
)LJXUD0DFURJUDItDGHXQDMXQWDVROGDGDSRU)6:FRQ XQDYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFHGHPPPLQ
4. Conclusiones
6H HYDOXDURQ ODV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV REWHQLGDV HQ XQLRQHV VROGDGDVSRU)6:FRQGLVWLQWDVYHORFLGDGHVGHDYDQFHHQFKDSD GHPPGHHVSHVRUGH$$7/RVYDORUHVGHWHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHVORQJLWXGLQDOHVVHUHODFLRQDURQFRQDVSHFWRVGHOFLFOR WpUPLFRJHQHUDGRGXUDQWHODVROGDGXUD
/DV WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV Pi[LPDV DXPHQWDURQ FRQ OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH \\ IXHURQ PHQRUHV TXH ODV REWHQLGDV HQ PDWHULDOHV VLPLODUHV /DV WHQVLRQHV Pi[LPDV VH XELFDURQ HQ HO FHQWUR GHO FRUGyQ \\ VH HQFRQWUDURQ HQWUH \\ 03D FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDDGHOtPLWHGHÀXHQFLDGHOPDWHULDO
$ SDUWLU GH ORV FLFORV WpUPLFRV DGTXLULGRV VH FDOFXODURQ YDORUHV FRPR OD SRWHQFLD QHWD \\ HO FDORU DSRUWDGR QHWR /DV WHPSHUDWXUDVPi[LPDVPHGLGDVHQHOFLFORWpUPLFRGLVPLQX\\HQ FRQ OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH DVt FRPR HO FDORU DSRUWDGR QHWR PLHQWUDVTXHODSRWHQFLDQHWDVHPDQWLHQHFRQVWDQWH
$O XWLOL]DU XQD KHUUDPLHQWD FRQ GLPHQVLRQHV PHQRUHV D ODV FRP~QPHQWHXWLOL]DGDVSDUDODFRQ¿JXUDFLyQGHMXQWDDQDOL]DGD UHVXOWDXQDSRWHQFLDPHQRU\\VHREWLHQHQPHQRUHVWHPSHUDWXUDV Pi[LPDV \\ WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV VLHQGR ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GH OD KHUUDPLHQWD XQ IDFWRU UHOHYDQWH HQ OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH WHQVLRQHV UHVLGXDOHV
6H REWXYLHURQ H[SUHVLRQHV H[SHULPHQWDOHV TXH UHODFLRQDQ OD WHQVLyQ UHVLGXDO ORQJLWXGLQDO Pi[LPD FRQ DVSHFWRV GHO FLFOR WpUPLFRFRPRHOFDORUDSRUWDGRQHWR\\WHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPD\\ FRQ SDUiPHWURV GHO SURFHVR FRPR OD YHORFLGDG GH DYDQFH \\ HO SLWFK6LELHQODWHQVLyQUHVLGXDOORQJLWXGLQDOPi[LPDDXPHQWD FRQODYHORFLGDGGHDYDQFHDSDUWLUGHPPPLQHODXPHQWR GHODPLVPDHVPDUJLQDO
5. Agradecimientos
UHVLGXDO VWUHVVHV LQ $$+ IULFWLRQ VWLU ZHOGV 0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$9ROS± >@/,1721905,3/(<0,,QÀXHQFHRIWLPHRQUHVLGXDO VWUHVVHVLQIULFWLRQVWLUZHOGVLQDJHKDUGHQDEOH;;;DOXPLQLXP DOOR\\V$FWD0DWHULDOLD9ROS± >@ ;8: /,8 - =+8 +$QDO\\VLV RI UHVLGXDO VWUHVVHV LQ WKLFNDOXPLQXPIULFWLRQVWLUZHOGHGEXWWMRLQWV0DWHULDOV DQG'HVLJQ9ROS± >@ )5$7,1, / =8& &$5(//2 %$Q DQDO\\VLV RI WKURXJK WKLFNQHVVUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVLQDOXPLQLXP)6:EXWWMRLQWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0DFKLQH7RROV 0DQXIDFWXUH9RO S± >@ )8//(5 & % HW DO (YROXWLRQ RI PLFURVWUXFWXUH DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV LQ QDWXUDOO\\ DJHG DQG $O IULFWLRQVWLUZHOGV0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$ 9ROS± >@0,6+5$560$+21(<0:)ULFWLRQ6WLU:HOGLQJ DQG3URFHVVLQJ2KLR$60,QWHUQDFLRQDO >@$0(5,&$162&,(7<)257(67,1*$1'0$7(5,$/6 $670 ( 0 6WDQGDUG 7HVW 0HWKRG IRU 7HQVLRQ 7HVWLQJ RI 0HWDOOLF0DWHULDOV>PHWULF@3HQQV\\OYDQLDS >@ $60 ,17(51$&,21$/ $60 +DQGERRN 9ROXPH 3URSHUWLHV DQG 6HOHFWLRQ 1RQIHUURXV $OOR\\V DQG 6SHFLDO 3XUSRVH0DWHULDOVHG2KLR >@ 025(,5$ 30*3 HW DO 5HVLGXDO VWUHVV HYDOXDWLRQ RI D 0,* EXWW ZHOGHG DOXPLQLXP DOOR\\ SODWH$3$(7 0HFkQLFD ([SHULPHQWDO3RUWXJDOYS±-DQ >@0$68%8&+,.$QDO\\VLVRI:HOGHG6WUXFWXUHV5HVLGXDO 6WUHVVHV 'LVWRUWLRQ DQG WKHLU &RQVHTXHQFHV HG 1HZ<RUN 3HUJDPRQ3UHVVS >@0,&520($685(0(176%³6XUIDFHSUHSDUDWLRQ IRUVWUDLQJDJHERQGLQJ´9LVKD\\ >@ $60 ,17(51$&,21$/ $60 +DQGERRN 9ROXPH 0HFKDQLFDO7HVWLQJDQG(YDOXDWLRQHG2KLR >@ 5$'$- ' +HDW (IIHFWV RI:HOGLQJ7HPSHUDWXUH )LHOG 5HVLGXDO 6WUHVVHV 'LVWRUWLRQ HG %HUOLQ 6SULQJHU9HUODJ S >@ $0(5,&$1 :(/',1* 62&,(7< $:6 :HOGLQJ +DQGERRN9ROXPH :HOGLQJ 6FLHQFH DQG7HFKQRORJ\\ HG 0LDPLS
/RV DXWRUHV GHVHDQ DJUDGHFHU D ,17,0HFiQLFD \\ D OD )DFXOWDGGH,QJHQLHUtDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHVSRU HO ¿QDQFLDPLHQWR \\ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH VXV LQVWDODFLRQHV SDUD HO GHVDUUROORGHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMR$VtWDPELpQDOSHUVRQDOGH,17, 0HFiQLFD \\ GHO /DERUDWRULR GH 0DWHULDOHV \\ (VWUXFWXUDV GH ),8%$SRUODDVLVWHQFLDEULQGDGD
5HIHUHQFLDV%LEOLRJUi¿FDV
>@ 0,6+5$ 5 6 0$ = < )ULFWLRQ VWLU ZHOGLQJ DQG SURFHVVLQJ0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ59RO S >@ /20%$5' + HW DO (IIHFW RI SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV RQ WKH
334
Soldag. Insp. São Paulo, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, p.327-334, Out/Dez 2012
Ver+/-
